Sex ratios in California following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001

Natural and man-made disasters as well as declining economies appear to coincide with reduced
odds of male live births among humans (i.e. lower secondary sex ratio). This association has been attributed to
excess death of males in gestation and to reduced conception of males. We attempt to empirically discriminate
between these two attributions by testing the hypotheses that the attacks of September 11, 2001 were followed in
California first by higher fetal death sex ratios and later by lower sex ratios among very low weight births and
total live births. METHODS: We apply interrupted time-series methods to the fetal death, very low birth weight,
and secondary sex ratios. The methods control for trends, seasonal cycles, and other forms of autocorrelation that
could induce spurious associations. RESULTS: Findings support the excess death explanation in that the fetal
death sex ratio reached its highest level in the 6 year test period in October and November of 2001, while the very
low weight birth sex ratio dropped to its lowest level in 14 years in December of 2001. The secondary sex ratio
exhibited its second lowest value in 14 years in December of 2001. No support was found for the reduced conception
explanation in that the sex ratio did not differ from expected values 9, 10 or 11 months after the attacks.
CONCLUSIONS: We infer support for the excess death explanation at the expense of the reduced conception
explanation. We also describe the implications of our findings for public health planning.